Fructose could be a simple sugar that’s showing in fruit and nectar, but is additionally a major component of the two most commonly utilized sweeteners, sucrose (table sugar, a disaccharide of fructose and glucose), and high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS, a blend of fructose and glucose monosaccharide’s). Fructose admissions have expanded uniquely over the last a few hundred a years in parallel with the rise in admissions of sucrose and HFCS. Right now the intake of included sugars approaches 15% of general energy intake with higher immaterial among more youthful people (adolescents and grown-ups in their twenties).(Saab KR, Yracheta JM et al,2015).
Fructose was already acknowledged as an advantageous dietary component since it does not stimulate insulin secretion. Be that as it may, since insulin signaling plays a vital part in central components of NAFLD, this property of fructose may be undesirable. Fructose incorporates a particular hepatic metabolism and incites a hepatic stress reaction including diminished hepatic insulin signaling.(Sabuncu T, Sentürk H et al,2013) this lead to series Complications and Excessive accumulation of triglycerides in liver; over the top fat within the liver, called non-alcoholic fatty liver infection (NAFLD), inclines to the improvement of non-alcoholic disease hepatitis (NASH). NASH is the foremost worrying subgroup of NAFLDs since it may be a major chance figure for the improvement of cirrhosis and its complications, counting liver cancer (Marchesini G, Bugianesi E et al,2013).
Main findings
increased accessibility of fructose (e.g., high-fructose corn syrup) increments not only abnormal glucose flux but moreover fructose metabolism within the hepatocyte. In this way, the anatomic position of the liver places it in a vital buffering position for absorbed carbohydrates and amino acids.(BasaranogluM, BasaranogluG, SabuncuT,et al,2013).
A key the finding is that the fructose atom itself is not primarily mindful for making triglycerides, but responsible for fat amasses within the liver by the common actuation of lipogenesis and blocking of fatty acid oxidation.
( Lanaspa MA,2012)
Several studies have shown that fructose has a stimulating role de novo lipogenesis [converted excess carbohydrate into fatty acids that are at that point esterified to storage triacylglycerol’s] And disable fatty acid oxidation within the liver.(Calzadilla Bertot L,2016) and it has been appeared to chronically reduce resting energy expenditure.(Cox CL,2012).
What is the difference between fructose and glucose in metabolic processes ?
Glucose is metabolized fundamentally by glucokinase or hexokinase, while fructose is mainly metabolised by fructokinase. Fructokinase uses ATP to phosphorylate fructose to produce from it fructose-1-phosphate, taken after by the metabolism via aldolase B to generate D-glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone phosphate . There is no problem with this, they are so far the same! (Steinmann B, Gitzelmann R, Van den Berghe et al,2001) But the one of a kind viewpoint of fructose metabolism lies in its, to begin with two enzymatic steps; The basic isoform of fructokinase in the liver is fructokinase C which phosphorylates fructose Quickly and rapidly up take and this lead to drop in ATP and intracellular phosphate .this associated with nucleotide turnover and uric acid generation This works real problems as mitochondrial dysfunction and transient turning off in protein synthesis, also induction of oxidative stress.
all this does not happen when glucose is metabolized! (Choi YJ, Shin HS, Choi HS, et al.2014).
What exactly happens
Hepatic lipid aggregation may be an item of hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) (Falcon A, Doege H, Fluitt A, et al.2010); a prepare by which lipids are endogenously synthesized from dietary sources, usually carbohydrates,
( Nomura K,2012). fructose itself more emphatically upregulates enzymes of DNL than does fat. Furthermore, increased fructose admissions in people has been linked with movement of liver disease to fibrosis, while fructose restriction leads to advancement in NAFLD.( Abdelmalek MF, Suzuki A, et al.2010). So fructose is lipogenic in many theoretical explanations . The most important of them is :
fructose, is absorbed from the intestine into the entry vein and delivered directly to the liver , more than 90 % of fructose is metabolized by the liver through first-pass metabolism. Fructose may specifically upregulates transcriptional factors regulating de novo lipogenesis or may do so by implication by inducing ER stretch, insulin resistance, and diminished mitochondrial metabolism leading to the generation of uric corrosive and responsive oxygen species.( Meier JJ.2005)
Fructose in diet , What lies ahead ?
Recently, fructose consumption increased at a great rate due to the fact that it invades sweeteners and many other foods in a hidden way, its cheap price and the high sweetness it gives to the ambitions are promoted by it. Our drinks are no longer devoid of it, and the risk is doubled because its sweetness is twice the sweetness of glucose sugar, which makes you crave more soft drinks and other . today; He participates in countless metabolic syndromes.( Lirio LM, Forechi L,2016).The risk of obesity and liver disease increases with it, which increases the burden on health care institutions due to the many damages that people do not realize.( Alwahsh SM, Gebhardt R,2017).
To distinguish that we are not talking about harm resulting from eating natural fruits despite their fructose content, many studies have shown that the naturally occurring fructose and moderate proportions of fruits do not do what concentrated quantities that enter into sweets (Vasdev S, Gill V, Parai et al S,2002) there’s proof that numerous substances found in normal natural products, such as vitamin C, flavonoids, epicatechin, and other antioxidants may too secure against fructose-induced metabolic syndrome.
Fruits are OK, but not fruit juice, as it is linked to metabolic syndrome, because the fructose concentration is higher and is taken quickly, which leads to higher concentrations of fructose, causing rapid depletion of energy .( Gutierre, Salmean G ,et al,2016).
Fructose is hidden in our food, in biscuits, sweets, and sweetened drinks, not only this but in healthy ingredients such as yogurt especially low-fat and fat-free yogurt, they are only sugar bombs, Granola Bars are sometimes the amounts of added sugar in many granola bars are similar to the amounts found in some candy bars. In addition to products you may not even think of, such as Salad Dressing, which are particularly low in calories and fat, the fact is that when removed along with the fat, companies add sugar or HFCS to please your taste buds. Another unexpected food is Frozen Junk Foods, which may not contain sugar but contain HFCS and It is the worst because is made from GMO corn, not fruit. (Lirio LM, Forechi L, Z,2016).
Would you let your kids drink alcohol ?
if your answer No, you must know high fructose it has a very similar effect .
Fructose and alcohol are similar in quality to hepatic metabolism in small doses, neither will overwhelm hepatic mitochondrial capacity, DNL controls both fructose and alcohol, which leads to fat generation within the liver as well as inflammation and insulin resistance, their metabolism is similar ; Both contain 150 kcal per 12-oz (355-mL) can and Both contain a concomitant glucose stack combined with either the ethanol stack (brew) or the fructose stack (Soda). The first-pass impact of ethanol within the stomach and digestive tract evacuates 10% of the ethanol. Within the case of brew (3.6% ethanol and 6.6% maltose, a glucose disaccharide), 92 kcal reach the liver, though for soda , 90 kcal reach the liver. Without a doubt, the quantitative metabolic request on the liver from lager and soda are closely resembling as well.( Mietus-Snyder,2010).
Conclusion
fructose can do some serious damage to the liverand is a fasten way to make fatten liver . if you counsumed in small amounts , the liver can handle the job Well but, when too much amounts the liver cant metabolized . fructose commonly use in processed food in general And the worst of it is HFCS so please read food label.
References :
Mai BH, Yan LJ. The negative and detrimental effects of high fructose on the liver, with special reference to metabolic disorders. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2019;12:821-826. Published 2019 May 27. doi:10.2147/DMSO.S198968
Moore JB. From sugar to liver fat and public health: systems biology driven studies in understanding non-alcoholic fatty liver disease pathogenesis. Proc Nutr Soc. 2019;78(3):290-304. doi:10.1017/S0029665119000570
Jensen T, Abdelmalek MF, Sullivan S, et al. Fructose and sugar: A major mediator of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. 2018;68(5):1063-1075. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2018.01.019
Basaranoglu M, Basaranoglu G, Sabuncu T, Sentürk H. Fructose as a key player in the development of fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19(8): 1166-1172
Softic S, Cohen DE, Kahn CR. Role of Dietary Fructose and Hepatic De Novo Lipogenesis in Fatty Liver Disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2016;61(5):1282-1293. doi:10.1007/s10620-016-4054-0
Robert H. Lustig, Fructose: It’s “Alcohol Without the Buzz”, Advances in Nutrition, Volume 4, Issue 2, March 2013, Pages 226–235
Ter Horst KW, Serlie MJ. Fructose Consumption, Lipogenesis, and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients. 2017;9(9):981. Published 2017 Sep 6. doi:10.3390/nu9090981